The Relationship Between Religion and Philosophy
Regarding the relationship between religion and philosophy, it offers a new view that is
original and rational, in the sense that it is able to capture the dimensions of rationality in both
religion and philosophy. Philosophical rationality is built on the foundation of the order and
regularity of nature, and also on the foundation of the principle of causality. Meanwhile, religious
rationality is also built on the basis of the intentions and purposes given by the Shari'a maker, and
which ultimately leads to efforts to bring humans to the values of virtue or al-fadlilah. The study
of philosophy and philosophizing itself is not prohibited in Islam, in fact, the Qur'an as a guide for
Muslims contains many verses that urge the study of philosophy. To avoid any conflict between
the opinion of reason and philosophy and the text of the Qur'an. Ibn Rusyd emphasized that the
text of the Qur'an should be interpreted in such a way or done takwil.
Sharia and philosophy are two different disciplines. The study of philosophy as a scientific
discipline is not prohibited by Islamic law.
Philosophy and religion have the same goal, namely
belief in God and the world as his creation. Averreos said that there are different ways of believing
in God. In other words, there are different types of reasoning or language used to lead people to
their belief in God. He distinguishes three types of reasoning. The first is the demonstrative method
used by philosophers, the second is the dialectical method used by theologians and the third is the
rhetorical method aimed at the majority of people. Furthermore, he explains that these three
methods have been mentioned in the Qur'an verse 16:125:
اُدْعُ اِلٰى سَبِيْلِ رَبِّكَ
بِالْحِكْمَةِ وَالْمَوْعِظَةِ الْحَسَنَةِ وَجَادِلْهُمْ بِالَّتِيْ هِيَ
اَحْسَنُۗ اِنَّ رَبَّكَ هُوَ اَعْلَمُ بِمَنْ ضَلَّ عَنْ سَبِيْلِه وَهُوَ
اَعْلَمُ بِالْمُهْتَدِيْنَ
"Invite (people) to the way of your Lord with wisdom and good instruction, and argue with them in a way that is best. Indeed, your Lord is most knowing of who has strayed from His way, and He is most knowing of who is rightly guided".
Based on this, he concludes that
philosophy is in accordance with the Shari'a and fulfills its command to reflect on God and God's
creation. Of these three methods, it is the demonstration method that has come under more negative
attack from theologians and religious authorities.
This method of demonstrative reasoning is closely related to syllogism. Averreos compared
the ancient books of philosophy with the message of the Qur'an. Because if something is mentioned
in the holy book, it must be confirmed according to its philosophical content. Religious texts must
be interpreted non-literally, and philosophical texts must also be taken. In this case, the figurative
interpretation done by jurists should also be used by philosophers in understanding religious texts.
Because religion will find literal confirmation in other parts of the same text.
Averreos adds that there is no need to bring up notions of consensus among Islamic scholars
who claim not to read literally all passages in religious texts, regardless of disagreements about
which passages should be interpreted and which should be taken literally. In Qur'anic interpretation,
there is sometimes a contradiction between two apparent passages in religious texts. The reason is
to remind people of the demonstrative class that one of the contradictory parts has an inner
meaning.
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